Human Resources Management and Trade Unions

Outline Human Resources Management (HRM) comprises of a set of functions in any organization that engages in recruitment, and managing and providing guidance for employees in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Human Resources Management’ and ‘Trade Unions’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most Human Resources Management functions are carried out by the HR department as well as by supervisors and managers. HRM is the part of the organization’s functioning that looks into matters associated with people in the context of organizational development, employee motivation, performance management systems, recruitment, emoluments, training and administration. Since HRM is directly related with performing functions relating to workers, it has to coordinate with trade unions in creating an environment of harmony and mutual cooperation that results in maximizing profitability as well as in improving employee welfare. This paper critically evaluates the future role of trade unions in representing the interests of workers in the modern workplace. Introduction Human Resources Management (HRM) comprises of a set of functions in any organization that engages in recruitment, and managing and providing guidance for employees in the organization. Most Human Resources Management functions are carried out by the HR department as well as by supervisors and managers. HRM is the part of the organization’s functioning that looks into matters associated with people in the context of organizational development, employee motivation, performance management systems, recruitment, emoluments, training and administration. Since HRM is directly related with performing functions relating to workers, it has to coordinate with trade unions in creating an environment of harmony and mutual cooperation that results in maximizing profitability as well as in improving employee welfare. This paper critically evaluates the future role of trade unions in representing the interests of workers in the modern workplace (Wood, Stephen, and Wall. 2002). A trade union is described as an organization that has members comprising of union leaders and workers. The trade union’s primary functions are to negotiate the quantum of wages and terms relating to working conditions. They standardize and legalize working relations amongst workers and employers, initiate combined actions to execute the elements of collective bargaining, put up new requirements on behalf of workers and assist in settling issues concerning their working conditions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trade unions are mostly categorized as company unions that represent the issues of a single firm and do not necessarily have a direct link with the trade union movement. Thus, trade unions a re understood as organizations of workers that act as a collective force in efforts to safeguard and cater to their common interests by making use of collective bargaining methods. The most important influence of a trade union upon human resources is its impact in framing HR policies and guidelines. If an organization is not having a strong trade union its HR policies may not prove to be efficient, because upon the entry of a trade union, the management has to structure such policies in ensuring that they reflect concern for worker preferences that are represented by the trade union. Therefore, it becomes possible for the union’s pressure for higher wages and job security to be included into the management’s agenda while considering employee preferences. In this way workers are able to express their dissatisfaction and grievances in terms of the working environment that impacts their jobs. Main Body First Body Paragraph According to Tattersall (2010) trade unions are d istinctive organizations and their roles are interpreted differently and recognized in different ways depending upon the relevance of related groups in any country. Conventionally, the roles of trade unions have been to safeguard jobs and to protect the real earning of workers, provide them security and better working conditions and to struggle against mistreatment and uncertainty in order to ensure fair treatment and equality in the context of employment. The trade union movement has a long history of built up benefits that have been made possible through collective bargaining, because of which there have been a large number of legislations and industrial laws There is increasing literacy and consciousness amongst workers in this regard. The trade union movement is characterized with the spreading of different social organizations and consumer and public protection groups, because of which there have been significant qualitative changes in the context of trade unions. Although the protecting roles of trade unions continue to be in shape, it now varies considerably in terms of substance. Currently, there is a strong debate about the purpose and roles of trade unions. However, the most prominent view point is the one that relates to trade unions extending their roles further than just bread and butter issues. By adopting different forms of industrial action such as strikes and protests; and political actions such as influencing government policies; trade unions have been able to institute reasonable levels of legal and economic frameworks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Human Resources Management’ and ‘Trade Unions’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They have also been able to considerably restrict exploitation of labor in all industries where labor is organized. Many view trade unions as ethical organizations that play a major role in uplifting the poor and the h elpless and in providing them with the status, respect and justice that is truly deserved by them. In most countries public opinion has been quite hostile towards trade unions. Although the public is principally not opposed to trade unionism, it is opposed to the manner in which unions and union representatives go about performing their work. Mostly the public view point of union leaders is that they are repressive, dishonest and unconcerned towards the public. Macbeath (1979) has held that they are characterized as exercising excessive power without much morality. Recent years have witnessed considerable decline in union memberships in most industrialized nations of the world. Trade union memberships have fallen drastically in a large number of European countries. For instance, France is the worst effected where union membership has fallen to only 10 percent of the labor force. Similarly, in Holland it has fallen to 25 percent and in England it is presently 44 percent. The picture is not very bright in the US either where trade union membership has dropped to 16 percent. In Japan it is quite low at 25 percent while in India it is only 10 percent. However, in some countries there is a different pattern. In Sweden, trade unions are highly respected and member ship is the highest at 91 percent. Trade unions in Sweden take part in all decision making exercises at local and national levels in addition to participating in the administration of legal systems. In Denmark and Norway also, trade union membership is quite high at 82 and 63 percent respectively (Getman, 2010). In having originated in Europe, trade unions had become extremely popular in several countries during the industrial revolution. At this time, the inadequacy of required skills amongst workers in performing the tasks at hand had allowed employers to exercise immense power that resulted in the ill treatment and exploitation of many workers. Trade unions are known to comprise of individual workers an d the main purpose of unions is to maintain and enhance the working conditions of worker employment. During the last three centuries several trade unions expanded into different forms in being impacted by varied political goals. Historically, trade unions were mainly involved in providing benefits to their members. The earliest trade unions that were known as Friendly Societies mostly aimed at providing benefits to workers so that they did not get unemployed or adversely suffer because of health issues or old age.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although in most developed nations such functions are now performed by the government, providing professional training, legal advices and representing workers is still considered to be a crucial role of trade unions. Another historical role of trade unions has been collective bargaining, which allows them to negotiate wages and working conditions for workers. Trade unions have been known to effectively confront managements of companies by enforcing lockouts and strikes in order to pressurize managements to achieve their objectives. Trade unions are also known to participate in promoting legislation for the benefit of workers. To achieve these objectives they conduct campaigns and take part in lobbying and supporting specific people or parties in the context of attaining public offices (Klaus, 1980). Second Body Paragraph The structure, political involvement and legal status of trade unions vary significantly amongst different countries. Trade unions can organize themselves by includ ing only specific classes of skilled workers, general unionism or industrial unionism. Such unions are generally alienated on the basis of local credentials though being united as national associations. A trade union can also be designated as a legal entity with mandates to involve in negotiations with managements for workers that are its members. Such trade unions have legal authority to take part in collective bargaining exercises with managements in the context of working hours, wage settlements and other conditions of service. When the two parties are not able to reach an agreement, the next course of action is industrial action that culminates in lock outs or strikes. Sometimes extreme circumstances develop whereby activities become violent or unlawful in regard of such events. Trade unions are also known to get involved in broad social and political struggles. Social unionism is in the nature of encompassing several trade unions that make use of their combined strengths to sup port social legislation and policy measures that are beneficial for their workers (Stiglitz, 2002). In some countries trade unions are known to be closely associated with politics and political parties. The working systems of trade unions are also defined in terms of their organization model and service model. Service model is characterized in terms of focus being placed upon rights of workers, worker services and in settling worker/employer disputes. The organization model is characteristic of involving full time union organizers that involve in developing confidence, efficient networking and leadership amongst workers. They also engage in provoking movements that involve many union members. In general, most trade unions have been seen as being a blend of these two philosophies. Despite the fact that the political philosophy, structure and sovereignty of most trade unions is diverse, they are all characterized in having leaderships that come to the forefront by way of a democratic election process. Many feel that workers that are trade union members are able to enjoy better wages and working conditions as compared to those that are not union members. For instance, in Britain, the widely believed leftist environment in trade unions has led to the creation of an intransigent right wing trade union organization named Solidarity that enjoys support of the rightist British National Party. Nevertheless, it is accepted that the presence of an established trade union is a pre requisite for ongoing industrial harmony. It is well recognized that settlements made through the procedure of negotiation and collective bargaining amongst employers and trade unions prove to be more lasting and acceptable. Trade unions form an important part in any industry and assist in establishing meaningful communication amongst employers and workers. They have the competence to provide requisite advices and sustainability in ensuring that the disparity in belief systems does not transform into major disputes. The main objective of trade unions is to stand for workers but they perform other broader roles in safeguarding workers’ interests. They also engage in providing requisite training to workers on different matters in order to enhance their competence, skills and career prospects. Another major objective is to enable a safe and healthy working atmosphere (Cockburn, 1976). Trade unions play a positive role in assisting the Human Resources department in the recruitment process by selecting workers and inculcating a sense of discipline amongst the workforce (Edwards, 1995). They assist in settling disputes in rational ways and help in making social adjustments. Workers are required to orient themselves in the new working environment and with new regulations and policy initiatives. It is common for workers to get confused, frustrated or dissatisfied because they come from different backgrounds and trade unions assist them in adjusting to new environments. Trad e unions are thus an integral part of society and have to also consider issues involving national integration. They undertake social responsibilities by encouraging and sustaining national integration by trimming down the numbers of industrial disputes and by encompassing a feeling of corporate social responsibility amongst workers. The basic objective to pursue such objective is to achieve industrial peace. Trade unions have begun to face several problems in view of the present pattern of globalization. Globalization has virtually transformed trade unions into outdated organizations. Modern developments such as technological and organizational changes are taking place in all industries across the world. Other issues such as the impact of the present global competition, transformation of the labor market, the introduction of innovations in personnel management practices, the substitution of public capital by private capital and properties, the presence of large numbers of small firm s and the perceptions of new and distinctive ideologies have created adverse circumstances for the survival of trade unions. Many theorists have argued that the conventional labor force in big industrial establishments is consistently diminishing while the numbers of workers engaged as fixed term or part time contractual work are increasing rapidly. A unique characteristic of the labor force is that workers are no more enduringly employed at one place of work. All these issues are viewed as reducing the impact and membership in trade unions (Hicks and Palmer. 2004). It is evident that in order to increase its influence and effectiveness a trade union has to aim at achieving continuous growth, but the number of trade union members is declining across the world. According to Gospel and Willman (2003), trade union leaders appear to be much worried because most of the strength of any union is represented through the number of workers it has as its members. Therefore, trade unions have t o find ways to source larger number of members. Another problem faced by trade unions is the identity crisis that is impacting most trade unions in the previous totalitarian socialist nations of Europe. Such trade unions had been actively participating in creating new political systems in these countries. This function is considered to have been the main reason for creating conflicting loyalties. On the one side trade unions seek to continue with their roles of being defenders of the workers and on the other they started fostering and advocating democratic, capitalist and market oriented relationships. Theorists argue that such contradictions significantly restrained the classification of workers with trade union systems, especially in Europe. Third Body Paragraph It is true that globalization has led to a complicated and multi faceted process for workers across the world. Trade unions have to now cope with the new challenges and develop strategies in the context of alliance buildin g, global cooperation and the adoption of global labor standards in this age of fast paced changes. The future demands that trade unions will have to enhance their agenda by including issues so that they actively engage with global organizations in order to impact their policies. Getman, (2010) feels that they have to organize international movements as well as extend and deepen their cooperation at global levels. For instance, many international unions, such as the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC), Global Union Federations (GUF) and International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), have started interacting with agencies such as the World Trade Organization, World Health Organization, World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund to foster and advocate a just system of globalization. It is known that beginning with the 1990s, many international union leaders have been lobbying for including the International Labor Organization central labor principles into the procurement and lending practices followed by the World Bank. Such initiatives delivered positive results whereby the International Finance Corporation (IFC) declared in May 2006 that all firms that dealt with the IFC will have to comply with its central labor processes and standards. Similarly, in December 2006, it was declared by the World Bank that the central labor standards requirements have been made applicable to all public works initiatives supported by the International Development Association and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank has also commenced with the inclusion of central labor standards in all procurement contracts funded by it after May 2007 (Getman, 2010). Trade Unions will have to work towards expanding their network and towards alliance building, which in other words, is a step towards international cooperation. They will also have to address issues related to accountability and governance in view of the increasing pattern of globalization. The significance of this aspect arises from the fact that there is increase in coordination of productive activities by multinational companies in different nations. Therefore, the enhanced integration of different economies into a global whole and the introduction of a new global production system demands added harmonization of national and global trade union plans. Given that global labor standards need to be framed in forming a catalyst to improve the working environment, the international labor movement should mobilize international communities to pressurize nations that do not adhere to international labor standards. Conclusion The role of trade unions is difficult to define in the present context because the market economy has immensely broadened the perceptions of enterprise ownership and labor relations are now more dependent upon other issues that are characterized by a global economy and fast changing economic order. We are now living in an age of dynami c global atmosphere in which globalization has led to strong impulses for developing the world economy. Increasing practices of deregulation and global agreements on reducing tariffs and non tariff restrictions have created new options and complexities for industries across the globe. The world has begun to change in a manner that has never been experienced before. Exciting opportunities have been created that may initially indicate the decline of trade unions but the fact remains that labor will always remain a major factor of production and has to be dealt with in manners that workers across the world have to be dealt with in uniform ways. To achieve theses objectives, trade unions will have to alter their strategies and create visions for working in a global environment. The globalization of production activities also leads to increase in the flows of trade and related structural changes in trade patterns because of which there is considerable change in patterns of division of la bor. This also implies that trade unions will have to reformulate their strategies in addressing the needs of workers in such circumstances. The main objective of trade unions should be to impact international agendas so that globalization results in bringing prosperity and fundamental rights to all workers. References Cockburn, Claud. 1976. Union Power : The Growth and Challenge in Perspective London, William Kimber. Edwards, Paul K. 1995. Human Resource Management, Union Voice, and the Use of Discipline: An Analysis of WIRS3. Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.205–20. Getman, J. T. 2010. Restoring the Power of Unions: It Takes a Movement, Yale University Press. Gospel, Howard, and Paul Willman. 2003. Dilemmas in Worker Representation: Information, Consultation and Negotiation. Representing Workers: Trade Union Recognition and Membership in Modern Britain. Routledge, Chapter 9, pp.143–63. Hicks, Stephen, and Tom Palmer. 2004. Trade Union Membership: Esti mates from the Autumn 2003 Labour Force Survey. Labour Market Trends, Vol. 113, pp. 98–102. Klaus, von Beyme. 1980. Challenge to Power: Trade Unions and Industrial Relations in Capitalist Countries, SAGE Publications. Macbeath, Innis. 1979. Votes, virtues, and vices: Trade union power, Associated Business Press. Stiglitz, Joseph. 2002. Employment, social justice and social well-being, International Labour Review, 142 (1-3), p.19-29. Tattersall, A. 2010. Power in Coalition: Strategies for Strong Unions and Social Change  Ilr Pr. Wood, Stephen, and Toby Wall. 2002. Human Resource Management and Business Performance. In Peter Warr, ed., The Psychology of Work. Harmondsworth: Penguin, Chapter 15, pp.352–373. This essay on ‘Human Resources Management’ and ‘Trade Unions’ was written and submitted by user Wayne Garza to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why I Want an MBA †Grad School Admission Essay

Why I Want an MBA – Grad School Admission Essay Free Online Research Papers There are many reasons in my life that has helped me to decide â€Å"Why I Want an MBA?† How much education I obtain is fulfilling a personal goal that I set for myself a very long time ago, even though it has taken me some years to get there. First and foremost, it is very important for me to be a good role model, and an inspiration to my children and grandchildren; and to ensure that they understand that education leads to many successes in life. I have always believed in leading by example. Also, the changes in this global economy, along with my age and job security are some other reasons for my decision. Being able to influence and heighten my family members to aspire to greater and better things that life has to offer is very important to me, and I know that getting a good quality education will open more doors for them to be successful. In 1966, the late, great singer/composer, James Brown, had a hit song entitled â€Å"Don’t Be a Drop-Out† which has influenced me throughout my life. The global economy, as it changes from day-to-day, dictate that the skills and knowledge I possess today will be null and void tomorrow, unless I continue my education. Therefore, being an older and non-traditional student has made me realize how competitive the job market is in this global workforce. By obtaining my MBA and maybe entering a doctoral program, is something I must also do to ensure my success in today’s workforce. The job I have now depends upon writing a grant proposal and getting it funded through the federal government every four years, but the federal governm ent can stop funding this program in a moment’s notice. And because of this, the advantages for me getting an MBA outweighs the scarifies I have to make to get an MBA. As far as the advantages to obtaining an MBA, according to Conde (n.d.) are: â€Å"the opportunity to increase ones salary, to advance in ones career, and to meet and develop a rapport with influential executives and colleagues in ones industry†; but there are also reasons and disadvantages in obtaining an MBA. The reasons or disadvantages that some people find for not entering an MBA program or furthering their education is the cost (to expensive); â€Å"in some cases, the cost of an MBA degree is four times as much as ones average yearly salary†, according to Schweitzer (n.d.); and finding the time to study especially if you have a full time job and other family obligations†. After pondering over the advantages and disadvantages of entering an MBA program, I know that I have made the right decision because obtaining this degree will allow me to keep my family inspired; and this degree will afford the opportunity me to venture out into unknown territories of su ccess. â€Å"The MBA is not an end in itself, but a means to an end; and it should supply three main value propositions: skills, networks, and brand. Hard skills include economics, finance, marketing, operations, management, and accounting; and the soft skills include leadership, teamwork, ethics, and communication that are so critical for effective management. Equally important is the networks which include but is not limited to networking with MBA students, alumni, faculty, and business and community leaders. Networking is very useful when beginning a job search, developing a career path, building business relationships in one’s current career. As far as brand, the article states that the MBA degree is a recognized brand that signifies management and leadership training; and that a powerful brand can give one the flexibility to make changes throughout ones career† (University of Pennsylvania, n.d.). As a result of my â€Å"What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality?â €  (Marcie Nutt, 1989), I am coded as an ENTJ that states: â€Å"I am outgoing, visionary, and argumentative, have a low tolerance for incompetence, and often seen as a natural leader. This personality test lists my possible career as a manager, management trainer, stockbroker, lawyer, chemical engineer, or police officer.† Therefore, obtaining an MBA will definitely help me become the role model I desire to be for my family, and my educational qualifications will make me better prepared to face this very competitive job market. And I will not forget that there are many successful business owners and CEOs to include self-made millionaires and billionaires that do not possess any formal education. An article about CEOs states that, Michael Dell, founder and CEO of Dell computer, was a pre-med biology major at the University of Texas before dropping out of school after his freshman year; and Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates also left college without earning a degree (Lewis, n.d.). This article highlights CEOs who did not pursue an MBA and how successful they are in their field of expertise and in business. Just as these two men had the vision and the skill to hone in on what it would take to make them successful, I also know that my education will led me to a path of success. Without a doubt, the forces that have caused me to travel this journey will help me to be successful in my educational endeavors. Because of my entering an MBA program, my daughter whom I greatly admire and respect, has enrolled in a Master’s program and upon completing this degree, she plans to enter into a doctoral program. I won’t say that we are competitive but as her mother, I know what inspires her, and that is, following in my footsteps. My son, who makes more money than my daughter and I put together, have not entered into college as of this date, but I keep encouraging him to do so. He understands the importance of an education and has assured me that he will be enrolling in school in the near future. I am very proud of my accomplishments thus far, and I will continue to be the inspiration that my family need in this time of economic uncertainty; and I will always stress upon my family the importance of a good quality education. References Conde, C. (n.d.). Why get an mba? Retrieved September 7, 2008, from collegeview.com/articles/CV/careeers/why_an_mba.html Lewis, A. (n.d.). Many top CEOs say mba not necessarily ticket to success. Retrieved September 7, 2008, from home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/libart/ceolibarts.html Marcie, D., Nutt, P. (1989). Self-assessment library: What’s my jungian 16-type personality [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Retrieved September 7, 2008, from University of Phoenix, MGT521- Management Course Web site. Schweitzer, K. (n.d.). What is an mba degree? Retrieved September 7, 2008, from http://businessmajors.about.com/od/programcomparison/a/mbaDegree.htm University of Pennsylvania. (n.d.). The wharton mba. 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Intercultural Business Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intercultural Business Skills - Essay Example This report analyses the problems that Wheelabrator Allevard has faced in expanding its operations in three different countries; Japan, Saudi Arabia and United States of America. The three countries that have been selected belong from different continents and have different cultures. Therefore, the report aims to analyses the cultural issues, ethical issues and other managerial issues that the company would have faced in expanding its operations and strategies have been discussed to tackle these issues. Wheelabrator Allevard Company enjoys the high sales in Saudi Arabia and it is 10,000. In United States the sales of the company are 40,000. However in Japan the country enjoyed sales of 17,000 in the year 2010. The cultures of United States of America, Japan and Saudi Arabia are entirely different. For instance, the individualism in Untied States is very high according to Hofstede (Geert hofstede, 2012c). However, in Saudi Arabia individualism is very low and people like to work in teams rather than individually (Geert Hofstede, 2012b). Moreover, the individualism in Japan is moderate. Similarly another culture issue that the company would have to face is the dominancy of male. Japan scores 95 according to Hofstede in Masculinity and it can be termed as a highly male dominant society and it is one of the most masculine societies in the world. In Japan people would demand achievement and success a lot more than caring for others (Geert Hofstede, 2012a). On the other hand, the score of United States and Saudi Arabia is 62 and 60 respectively which shows that it is moderately or relatively masculine society (Geert Hofstede, 2012b; Geert Hofstede, 2012c). Another important dimension that differs is the power distance. The score of Power Distance according to Hofstede is 95 in Saudi Arabia (Geert Hofstede, 2012b) however Japan and Untied States score 54 and 40 respectively. This represents that individuals living in Saudi Arabia are not equal and

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique - Essay Example By inserting the word, â€Å"Indi’s owner,† the impact would be made smooth and the shift not abrupt. The corrected version would run like this: â€Å"Samantha, Indi’s owner, acknowledges ‘Being a pit bull†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paragraph 3: The paragraph is too long and hard on the eyes. This should be broken in two. The new paragraph may begin with â€Å"BSL fails to address †¦.† as anyway it begins to explain deeper about BSL - a topic distinct different from the earlier idea being discussed which is dog breed and its general link to BSL. Paragraph 5: â€Å"However, that is an average of less than 20 dog-bite related fatalities per year, presumes accurate reporting of dog breed, and does not take total number of dogs in the breed in the general population into account.† Delete â€Å"is† in â€Å"is an average† and the thought will be clear. Paragraph 9: â€Å"The popularity of particular breeds ebbs and flows, in the 70s Dobermans were popular, in the 80s ‘pit bulls’ were†¦.† Colon instead should be used after the word, â€Å"flows† since a long enumeration begins on the topic of dog breeds by the decades. The outline of the article runs this way. Indi is introduced as champion dog, followed by the negative reputation of Pit Bull Terrier breed and what Indi has to endure for being of this breed. How â€Å"pit bull† breed came into controversy is discussed next, beefed by statistics on dog bites that are not based on breed. BSL (Breed Specific Legislation) is enacted on state-wide level then because of reported dog viciousness. Medical studies on dog bites come next, but these studies do not highlight breed. Statistics on dog-attacks are compared to non-fatal dog bites. From here, BSL being enacted based on breed incidents is described. BSL is hitting the wrong nail, it is argued, and that it is an ineffective response to sensationalized issues. The presumptions of BSL and why it is ineffective are considered. Because there is no decrease in dog attacks despite

How Did Hip-Hop Start Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Did Hip-Hop Start - Research Paper Example Contrary to popular belief, hip hop music was not originally an American invention. Although one can of course claim that due to the fact that it of all within the United States, it somehow holds the title of being American, the fact of the matter is that DJ Kool Herc was originally Jamaican and had only come to the United States three years prior to exhibiting this unique style of music within the birthday party he presided over. Before delving into the actual nuts and bolts of how hip-hop was defined within DJ Kool Herc’s individual style, it is necessary to discuss some of the primal influences that he experienced within Jamaica. Firstly, it can and should be understood by the reader that Jamaica represented a unique environment in which former African slaves far outnumbered Caucasians. As a function of the way in which British trade, sugar plantations, run manufacturing, and slave trading were affected for much of Jamaica’s history, this demographic differential was realized. In such a way, as compared to the United States Jamaica had a more homogenous culture that shared in distinct societal, musical, religious, and other levels of self identification and oneness. In such a way, DJ Kool Herc’s early influence was with regards to the fact that he was raised in the capital of Jamaica, Kingston, and regularly accompanied his father’s band in many musical performances (Brunson 7). One particular aspect of DJ Kool Herc’s style that was developed and evolved within Jamaica was with regards to how he emulated the toasting style that many Jamaican DJs utilize as a means of talking over four toasting the records he spun. This in and of itself was a primal influence with regards to the way in... It is the further hope of the researcher of this essay, that by engaging with the information within this essay, the reader will calm to a more full and complete understanding of the way in which and pop music was born and why it has developed in the unique way in which it has. As with many forms of art and expression, hip-hop was born during the early 1970s. Beyond merely giving birth to this defining genre of uniquely American music, this particular decade was fertile ground for the development and expression of new art forms, music, means of understanding, philosophy, and a range of other expression and thought related activities. Due to the way in which society was beginning to cast off the balance that it previously defined it and actively seeking to create new realities and means of expression to fit the needs and trends of the current generation, hip-hop was yet another in a long line of new wave expressionism that ultimately caught on and has prevailed for over 40 years now. Just as with rock ‘n roll before it and jazz before rock ‘n roll, hip-hop has its roots in the evolution in combination of many other types of music. It is also hoped by the author that after reading the preceding discussion and analysis of hip-hop and its birth, one will be able to calm to the realization in conclusion that hip-hop not only was an evolution from existing forms of music but was like any other development something that links the artistic talents and expressions of a number of different individuals in order to fully manifest itself.

Human Resource Management In Absence At Work Management Essay

Human Resource Management In Absence At Work Management Essay Introduction Every organization has set a goals and objectives and to achieve that they have good quality as well as good quantity of human resource. Without this factors organization cannot achieve their goals. Thus these activities are arranged and manage by human resource management. The success of any organization depends upon effective management of human is resources. Human resource is backbone of any successful organization. Organization couldnt achieve their goals or objectives ignoring the effective human resource management. The effective human resource management advice to management team that how to optimize the current resources (Armstrong, 2006). I have chosen two peer-reviewed articles of Human resource management in absence at work. Journal 1: Source: Dunn, C., Wilkinson, A. (2002). Wish you were here: managing absence. Personnel Review, Volume 31(Issue 2), Page 228. Absence is the employee is not available for work when the work is available for that employee (Eggert, 2009). As this definition we can say that absence is unavailability of the employees when there is work for them. Sickness absence is a major public health problem that has important economic impact because of high insurance cost and lost productivity ( Roelen, Koopmans, Groothoff, 2009). Due to absence of the employees in work is costly to organisation because the organisation has to pay directly to absence employee as well replacement employee. So the expenses of the organisation on absence employee will be doubled. The impact of the absence into organisation is myriad. It includes reduced in production quality, job done by less experienced employee, loss of costumers due to failure to meet deadline. This journal explains how to manage absence of employee in organization. To curb absence into organization positive incentive plays major role to manage absence. Attendance bonus is common type of financial bonus. Disciplinary action is another technique to control absence in organisation. This is negative way to control absence into organisation which includes reduce annual leave, dismissal to poor attendance employee, deducting company sick-pay. The research was made in 1997 with seven companies which includes manufacturing sector (Prodco, Manuf), retail sector (Shopco, Superco and Foodco) and financial sectors (Consultco and Bankco). 50 interviews participate in total with semi-structure interview. Profit of Absence The significant of absence is related to cost. At Shopco implemented new rule that no payment of the first day of sickness to control one-day absence. Manufco, Prodco, Superco, Foodco, Consultco calculate cost of absence as measurement of size of the absence problem in organisation. The production manager emerged if the current rate of the absence 11 percentage reduce to 2 percentage it could be saved  £100000. Cost benefit is major factor to motivate reducing absence in to organisation. Monitoring Absence The method of monitoring absence in organisation is varied and every organisation uses different way to monitor absence. The organisation used absence report as key factor to identify absence pattern. Because of the absence pattern the line manager can predict who will be unavailable in the work. The most common method of monitoring absence in organisation was a combination of trigger review procedure, regular absence statistics and informal methods of monitoring. The nature of the organisation and the types of employee mix determine the method of monitoring absence. Controlling Absence Many companies used Return to work interview as a tool for controlling absence. The propose of return to work interview to identify the reason for the absence, welcome the employee back to work, ensure the employee is fit and fine to back to work (University, 2011). The research shows that return to work interview could be effective in increasing employee awareness of pressure to attend work. Every organisation did not take interview and interview could be informal as well. Defining responsibilities and ownership The line manager plays a vital role to manage absence in organisation. The line managers know the pattern of absence among their employee rather than HR department. It is hard to relay message to each and every employees by HR department. The line manager should take responsibilities to minimize absence in organisation. Discipline and the dynamics of line management discretion Discipline plays vital role to control absence in the organisation. The policies and procedure played a part in creating pressure to attend work. Human resource department only cannot minimize the rate of absence if the line manager did not take responsibilities in absence management. Journal 2: Source: Bennett, H. (2002). Employee commitment: the key to absence management in local government? Leadership and Organisational Development Journal, Volume 23(Issue 8), Page430. According to CBI (1999) in recent years employee absence at work culture is very grown in organisation. Absence at work is emerging problem for organisation in economically. IDE (1998) estimated that huge amount (around  £13bn) of economy went to useless due to absence at work. According to Ho (1997), the impact of the absenteeism into economic is myriad. It includes reduced in production quality because job done by less experienced employee, loss of costumers due to failure to meet deadline. This journal explains how absenteeism impact in local government in UK economy and employee commitment plays vital role to curl absence at work. Government Staff Commission for Northern Ireland conducted a research to measure and find out cause of absenteeism in local government. In this research, it took organisational commitment as a key factor to control in absenteeism and examines relationship between employee commitment and absence through three factors which are human resource managers, line managers and employees. The main cause of being absence at work is physical illness in local government and low job satisfaction in some cases. Marrow (1983) explained commitment as following The Strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organisation. Organisational commitment is effected by different factors such as morale, motivation, job satisfaction. There is bond attachment between organisational commitment and absence to curl absenteeism in local government. Comparative analysis Journal 1 explains how the absenteeism does negative impact in economy of the organisation whereas another journal explains the organisation commitment play a vital role to curl absenteeism in local government. Journal 1 explains to control absence in organisation it introduce attendance bonus and disciplinary actions. It means whoever achieves more attendance at work, they should be rewarded and who has a poor attendance at work without satisfactory reason they should be dismissal from their responsibilities. Critical analysis of the journals In journal 1 the writer suggest to avoid absence at work reduce annual leave, reduce pay scale of sick or injury leave. Accident or illness cannot be predicted but it happened. If employee gets illness or injury during organisation they will be compensated. But most of employee took sick leave for non-illness propose and took leave on Monday and Friday ( Barham Nasima, 2010). In journal 2 the writer organisation committed Conclusion After studying the two above journal, I would like to conclude absenteeism is growing negative culture in organisation and government body. Due to the absence at work, huge amount of money went to unnecessary expenses. In one research it estimated that the direct expense of absenteeism to UK economy in 2003 was  £11.6 Bn ( Barham Nasima, 2010). It makes negative impact to growth of economy in organisation as well as country. Sick leave is most common method to be absented at work because it will be paid. Sometimes employees get sick leave without sickness. The main factors for getting absence at work are job dissatisfaction, growing absence at work culture in organisation, to avoid pressure at work, getting paid without work. If employees in sick leave, the organisation has to pay them but if they are not genuinely sick, the organisation still has to pay those employee who take sick leave. And other thing due to absence at work, the organisation has to hire another person for that position. Because of this the organisation has to face various kinds of problems that includes has to pay extra to replacement employee, job done by less experienced employee so that production quality will be deducted and loss of costumers due to meet deadline. Organisational commitment plays vital role to curl absence at work.

The Influences of C.G. Jung Essay -- Jung

The Influences of C.G. Jung      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carl Gustav Jung was influenced by literature, symbolism, religion, and the occult From a very young age. Jung's influencs remained with him as he became a doctor of medicine and a psychological theorist. The philosophical, the supernatural, the symbolic, the religious, and the occult all influenced Jung's area of psychological expertise, making Jung's psychology not only unique to Jung, but also pioneering in the field of general psychoanalysis.    In Ernest Gallo's article "Synchronicity and the Archetypes. (Carl Jung's Doctrines)", Gallo cites that Jung was "deeply drawn to the occult" (Gallo, 1994). Jung's younger cousin, Helen Preiswerk, had the ability to actually shatter knives in a drawer "with a loud bang" (Gallo, 1994). This and other similar cases caused Jung to write his medical dissertation about occult phenomena using this cousin as his subject. Gallo continues by citing that "while Jung was arguing with Freud about psychic phenomena, a loud noise emanated from a bookcase; Jung predicted that it would be repeated and was highly impressed when this portentous prediction came true." (Gallo, 1994). Jung also reported that "he saw the vision of a face half buried in the pillow next to him" (Gallo, 1994). Despite Jung's lack of doubt toward these experiences, Gallo says that "Jung was far more than a simple occultist." (Gallo, 1994), and that Jung was "engagingly skeptical about his wilder speculations" (Gallo, 1994).    The son of a Protestant Minister, Jung also had ties to western religion. Ties that showed themselves in his beliefs and writings (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Jung cited the importance of the unconscious as a religious channel in his psycho... ...s Cited and Consulted Abstracts of the Collected Works of C. G. Jung. (1976). Rockville, Maryland: Princeton University Press. Bookshelf 1996-97 [Computer program]. (1996). Microsoft. Coursen, Herbert R. (1986). The compensatory Psyche: A Jungian Approach to Shakespeare. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Gallo, Ernest (Summer 1994). Synchronicity and the Archetypes. (Carl Jung's Doctrines). Skeptical Inquirer, pp. 396 - 404. Jung, Carl G., & von Franz, M.-L. (1964). Man and his Symbols. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc. Kast, Verena (1996). The process of individuation. Retrieved June 17, 1997 from the World Wide Web: http://www.jungnet.org/cgibin/dispatch Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia [Computer program] (1995). Microsoft. Moreno, Antonio (1978). Jung, gods, & Modern Man. London: Sheldon Press.